An Overview of Solstices and Equinoxes

An Overview of Solstices and Equinoxes The June and December solstices mark the longest and most brief days of the year. The March and September equinoxes, in the mean time, mark the two days of every year when day and night are of equivalent length. June Solstice (Approximately June 20-21) The June solstice starts summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere. This day is the longest of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and the most brief of the year in the Southern Hemisphere. North Pole: The North Pole (90 degrees north scope) gets 24 hours of sunshine, as it has been sunlight at the North Pole throughout the previous three months (since the March Equinox). The sun is 66.5 degrees off the pinnacle or 23.5 degrees over the horizon.Arctic Circle: It is light 24 hours per day north of the Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees north) on the June solstice. The sun around early afternoon is 43 degrees off the zenith.Tropic of Cancer: On the June Solstice the sun is straightforwardly overhead the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north scope) at noon.Equator: At the equator (zero degrees scope), the day is consistently 12 hours in length. At the equator, the sun rises every day at 6 a.m. neighborhood time and sets at 6 p.m. neighborhood time. The sun around early afternoon at the equator is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Tropic of Capricorn: In the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun is low in the sky, at 47 degrees from the pinnacle (23.5 in addition to 23.5).Antarctic Circle: At the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees south), the sun shows up around early afternoon, looking at the skyline and afterward quickly vanishing. All regions south of the Antarctic Circle are dim on the June Solstice. South Pole: By June 21, it has been dim for a quarter of a year at the South Pole (90 degrees south scope). September Equinox (Approximately September 22-23) The September equinox denotes the start of fall in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere. There are 12 hours of sunshine and 12 hours of haziness at all focuses on the earth’s surface on the two equinoxes. Dawn is at 6 a.m. what's more, nightfall is at 6 p.m. neighborhood (sun powered) time for most focuses on the earth’s surface. North Pole: The sun is not too far off at the North Pole on the September equinox in the first part of the day. The sun sets at the North Pole around early afternoon on the September equinox and the North Pole stays dim until the March equinox.Arctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of sunshine and 12 hours of obscurity. The sun is 66.5 degrees off the apex or 23.5 degrees over the horizon.Tropic of Cancer: Experiences 12 hours of light and 12 hours of haziness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Equator: The sun is straightforwardly overhead the equator around early afternoon on the equinox. On both equinoxes, the sun is straightforwardly over the equator at noon.Tropic of Capricorn: Experiences 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of obscurity. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Antarctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of sunshine and 12 hours of darkness.South Pole: The sun ascends at the South Pole after the Pole has been dull for as long as a half year (since the March equinox). The sun ascends to the skyline and it stays light at the South Pole for a half year. Every day, the sun seems to turn around the South Pole at a similar declination edge in the sky. December Solstice (Approximately December 21-22) The December solstice denotes the start of summer in the Southern Hemisphere and is the longest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere. It denotes the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and is the most brief day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. North Pole: At the North Pole, it has been dim for a quarter of a year (since the September equinox). It stays dull for another three (until the March equinox).Arctic Circle: The sun shows up around early afternoon, looking at the skyline and afterward momentarily vanishing. All zones north of the Arctic Circle are dim on the December solstice.Tropic of Cancer: The sun is low in the sky, at 47 degrees from the peak (23.5 in addition to 23.5) at noon.Equator: The sun is 23.5 degrees from the apex at noon.Tropic of Capricorn: The sun is legitimately overhead the Tropic of Capricorn on the December solstice.Antarctic Circle: It is light 24 hours per day south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees north) on the June solstice. The sun around early afternoon is 47 off the zenith.South Pole: The South Pole (90 degrees south scope) gets 24 hours of light, as it has been sunshine at the South Pole throughout the previous three months (since the September equinox). The sun is 66.5 degrees off the peak or 23.5 degrees over the skyline. It will stay light at the South Pole for an additional three months. Walk Equinox (Approximately March 20-21) The March equinox denotes the start of fall in the Southern Hemisphere and spring in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 12 hours of sunshine and 12 hours of dimness at all focuses on the earth’s surface during the two equinoxes. Dawn is at 6 a.m. also, nightfall is at 6 p.m. nearby (sun oriented) time for most focuses on the earth’s surface. North Pole: The sun is not too far off at the North Pole on the March equinox. The sun ascends at the North Pole around early afternoon to the skyline on the March equinox and the North Pole stays light until the September equinox.Arctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of murkiness. The sun is 66.5 off the peak and low in the sky at 23.5 degrees over the horizon.Tropic of Cancer: Experiences 12 hours of light and 12 hours of murkiness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Equator: The sun is legitimately overhead the equator around early afternoon on the equinox. During both equinoxes, the sun is straightforwardly over the equator at noon.Tropic of Capricorn: Experiences 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of murkiness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Antarctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of darkness.South Pole: The sun sets at the South Pole around early afternoon after the Pole has been light for as long as a half year (since t he September equinox). The day starts not too far off in the first part of the day and before the day's over, the sun has set.

Chickens Free Range free essay sample

Smith tries to advance a feeling of blame to her crowd. By the utilization of the comprehensive language ‘we’, Smith suggests that ‘someone’ of the initial section, more likely than not been ‘you’, the peruser. This urges the peruser to feel regretful for the chickens. Thus, Smith intends to blame further by recommending that on the off chance that the peruser was not all that ‘self-serving’ and ‘human-centred’, at that point ‘we could stand to pay more’ to keep our, ‘furred and feathered friends’ from further agony. Smith even goes similarly as endeavoring to induce dread so as to serve her motivation. With references to a ‘over populated †¦ planet’, ‘drastically diminished †¦ quantities of creature species’, and ‘widespread human rights abuses’, Smith does this to advance regret and blame for the chickens. Pundits of the activist’s activities are depicted as crazy and â€Å"idiotic†. With certain citations from a talkback radio demonstrate proposed to cause their perspectives to seem shallow and coarse, it is inferred that, in correlation, Smith’s own position is quiet and even deferential of the two sides of the discussion. We will compose a custom paper test on Chickens Free Range or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is proposed to impact the peruser to agree with the more cultivated position. Smith further extended by later citing a facetious inquiry made by a well known savant, Jeremy Bentham. â€Å"The question isn't, would they be able to reason?.. Be that as it may, would they be able to endure? † By utilizing this statement, it elevates the peruser to reevaluate what their assessments are and from this time forward persuades the peruser to agree with Smith. So as to ensure the peruser to acknowledge such mentalities; Smith acquaints feel sorry for the chickens with her perusers. With words and expressions, for example, ‘dire plight’, ‘mistreat’, ‘abominably cruel’, ‘most abused’, ‘treated so badly’, and ‘trapped’, Smith urges the peruser to feel compassion toward the article’s picture of three confined chickens. To bring this picture into the real world, Smith says the chickens are ‘without appropriate ventilation’. The peruser is then to give compassion to the chickens, where the chickens are ‘unable to move’, or potentially to ‘breathe new, clean air’. All in all, Smith’s article, ‘Chickens Run Free’ attempts to convince perusers that ongoing activism was important and supported. She contends with a definitive introduction and educated contention that plans to causes the peruser need to feel guiltless, daring, unselfish, exemplary and sympathetic.

What do you want to be when you grow up

What do you want to be when you grow up Now that Im a junior in college, Im supposed to be almost an adult, or something. Im not very far from the real world, as they say, and apparently, this means Im going to have to go find a job- also in the real world. Hopefully, after four years of TFP, this hypothetical job will not entail flipping burgers. The only practical result of this for me, since I insist on denying that the future is rushing towards me at a terrifying pace, is that I am constantly being asked what Im going to do when I graduate. And I HATE it. Why? Because I have NO CLUE what Im going to do when I graduate. Furthermore, Im spending four years bashing my head against textbooks about thermodynamics and control systems, and I dont even know if I want to be an engineer anymore. I cant tell if I never even wanted to be an engineer and just accidentally ended up on this path which led me to MIT and my ultimate hatred of anything math-related, or if Im just burned out from classes and getting sick of doing textbook problems instead of actual engineering, or if maybe I choose the wrong major after all and should have just been Course 16, or if Im just in a grouchy mood lately and want to do nothing but lie on a beach reading all day for the rest of my life. Luckily, Ive found that Adelaide 09, despite being as mild mannered, polite, and sweet as I am not, usually agrees with me on matters of great importance, such as this. During one particularly gross problem set, she proclaimed that she would simply become a hermit in a cave in Hong Kong after graduation. I proclaimed that I would become a baseball announcer, since everyone on the floor has commented on how much enjoyment I get out of yelling at the television during baseball games. (This usually involves mocking the actual announcers for their lack of insight into the intricacies of the greatest sport of all time.) Adelaide told her mom about this plan, who wasnt sure that Adelaide would like it so much, so she suggested that Adelaide at least keep her options open- maybe there are suitable caves in other cities as well? Inspired, Adelaide and I proceeded to spend the rest of the semester continually adding to the following list of ridiculously improbable post-graduation paths. The only thing is, were not at all sure how ridiculously improbable any of them actually are hermit in cave in Hong Kong baseball announcer The Daily Show Admissions Counselor Teach for America start up FIRST teams worldwide escape to Spain EMT/Paramedic wedding planner teacher Board of Education librarian author/screenwriter movie producer magazine editor book critic escape to Italy escape to South America engineer medical devices one of Santas Elves actress United Nations! sock designer teacher at HTHS (my high school) Discovery Channel reality (host our own Mythbusters type show!) Id like to point out that the word engineer did make it onto the list once, at position 19, and was immediately followed by one of Santas elves. You see the scope of our confusion. While this was going on, I was applying for a summer internship through MISTI-Spain. MISTI, which stands for MIT International Science and Technology Initiative (gah! embedded acronyms!), is a program which helps students find and plan study and internships abroad. Ive been corresponding with Telefónica lately, a telephony and IT company based in Madrid. They asked me to come visit them at the European Career Fair, which was today in the athletics center on campus. So I got up this morning, ate some waffles, and headed over to the fair. As soon as I got there, I realized an important fact: I was wearing jeans, and every signle other person there was in business attire. Yeah, it had totally slipped my mind that I was supposed to dress up for these kinds of things. Im very fashion challenged. So, I headed back to my room to get changed. This proved to be a difficult task, because I hate dress clothes andwell, I had an adventure. I found an undershirt and then put the collared shirt on over it. Was I supposed to tuck it in? What about the buttons? You only button the bottom half, right? Or something? And what about the sleeves? The shirt I was wearing needed to be cuffedbut do you have to fasten the buttons on the cuff afterwards? I didnt know. I decided not to, because I could barely bend my elbows without the sleeves cutting into my wrists as it was. I probably looked like an idiot. Maybe I should have gone to Charm School. How to Dress Yourself 101. Or something. This is what my bed looked like when I left: I successfully arrived at the Career Fair, now appropriately dressed. The first booth I passed was MISTI, one of the sponsors: I wandered around the fair a bit, taking pictures for your enjoyment: Javi 08 posed in front of a very green display, because he thought it looked cool. =) Then I briefly chatted with the representatives from Telefónica (theyre interviewing me tomorrow, so we kept it short today), and then I wandered around the fair, looking for cool companies to talk to. I picked up some information on Sennheiser (they design audio equipmentI never knew there were so many kinds of headphones), EADS (aerospace, defense and security projects), Stryker (designing medical devices, with openings in over a dozen countries including Italy and Spainand hey! that was actually on the list!), and Finmeccanica (more aerospace and defense with a year long training constituting a masters program in International Business Engineering which takes place in Rome). And then something happened. I thoughtthat maybe I might actually want to be an engineer after all. Previously, the idea of having a job as an engineer in some firm justbored me to death. And then I learned about some supercool and socially responsible European firmsand for whatever reason, the idea of doing the exact same thing I thought Id dread, only in Rome instead of New Yorkmade some sort of huge difference. I cant say I have any concrete plans. The coolest company I talked to today was Finmeccanica, and the chances that I would ever actually be admitted to their program is approximately zero. But still, some idea has been plantedso I think that maybe, if I can somehow manage to get a job doing interesting stuff and applying engineering to sustainability or renewable energy with a company that has projects which advance technical education, and can mix things up a bit by living in Italy or Spainmaybe this will work out after all. While I was writing this entry, Alison 09 informed Zach 08 and myself that she was voting for Obama in the primaries, which basically shattered our respective worlds. (Alison is the resident Republican.) I immediately emailed Adelaide to tell her about it, and a few minutes later she sent me a Skype message about her concern for Hell, which had apparently just frozen over. During the course of our conversation, I mentioned this blog entry, and she told me to wait while she ran and got her Chinese notebook, on which she had scribbled another item for the above list which came to her in a moment when she was supposed to be studying: Adelaide says: OOOH! Adelaide says: i have something to add to the list! Adelaide says: wait i wrote it down in the back of my chinese notebook! Adelaide says: okay, and this is a serious plan this time (not that im not serious about the cave in hkg on occasion, but you know): Laura says: of course Adelaide says: grad school somewhere (possibly california since thats where all the cool kids are going these days, and, you know, good schools and stuff and i have to get out of mit), internship at the UN during a grad school summer (since they only take grad student interns), then work in developing sustainable energy things im doing tons of fluid mechanics here and am really getting into the idea of working on wind turbines/wave turbines. preferably, working in hong kong, but thats not required. and then, to keep life balanced, I would be a FIRST volunteer and a UN volunteer. and life would be good Laura says: oh wow, that is like an actual plan So, good times all around- apparently were both figuring out what to do with our lives. So okay, Adelaide has figured something out, and I have a vague idea that Im not totally screwed. But still! Baby steps! Its exciting! Our conversation veered slightly off topic, and we started talking about classes wed be taking. I leave you with this parting thought: Laura says: did I tell you? Im planning on taking 21M.051, so I can stop being musically ignorant Adelaide says: i certainly dont recall you being musically ignorant Laura says: ummm Adelaide says: however, speaking of ignorant i dont know what 21m.051 is Laura says: its called fundamentals of music or something Adelaide says: oh ok Laura says: and I am most certianly musically ignorant Adelaide says: really? Laura says: James was going on about the difference between minor chords and major chords, and I said, whats a chord? Adelaide says: oh well never mind then Laura says: my knowledge of music is that there are scales, with lines and spaces Adelaide says: its a start! Laura says: and each one represents a note, which come in octaves Laura says: I have no idea what that means Laura says: the octaves part Laura says: but I know you count by 8 Adelaide says: i mean, when you think about it, mozart didnt know any more than that when he composed his first sonata or whatever when he was 5 Laura says: haha so theres hope for me to be the next mozart =P Adelaide says: precisely! Adelaide says: ADD IT TO THE LIFE LIST! Laura says: Adelaide, youre awesome Laura says: this is totally how Im ending my blog entry

About Edith Whartons Ethan Frome - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 750 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Ethan Frome Essay Did you like this example? Starkfield, Massachusetts during the early eighteen-hundreds is a dull and uneventful place. The winter season in general has been known to be very depressing with a lack of vitamin D and being more restricted to indoor activities. In the novel, Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, Ethan is affected greatly by the impacts of the long, brutal winter in terms of his well being, his relationships, and his fate. Throughout the novel, it is easy for us to see how the dull and sorrowful winters affect Ethan Fromes well being. First, in the prologue, the Narrator is showing sympathy for Ethan being almost stuck in Starkfield for too much time. one phrase stuck in my memory Guess hes been in Starkfield too many winters, says the Narrator, referring to something Harmon Gow said (Wharton 4). Later, in that same section, the Narrator continues talking of this phrase he heard and writes, But when winter shut down on Starkfield and the village lay under a sheet of snow perpetually renewed from the pale skies, I began to see what life thereor rather its negationmust have been in Ethan Fromes young manhood, (Wharton 5). This example shows how the Narrator who had not been in the town long, could see how the winters of Starkfield could have affected anyones well being, but specifically proving it affected Ethans because of the negation he mentions. Therefore, the Narrator was able to see and show the re ader how the brutal winters, made it easy for Ethans well being and emotions to turn negative. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Edith Whartons Ethan Frome" essay for you Create order Since Ethans emotions are now triggered towards negativity due to the winter, he now begins to look at everything in his life as depressing, except for Mattie, of course. For example, Ethan and Zeenas marriage is anything but happy. So, in all truth, he does have a right to be upset about that anyway, but it really controls his whole life. The author even wrote that, He had often thought since that it would not have happened if his mother had died in spring instead of winter , referring to Ethan and his marriage ( (4) 42). He clearly does not want to be in this marriage, but also states how he knew it would not have happened in the first place in the Spring, because the Winter is proven to be such a depressing season in Starkfield. Thus, implying he was lonely and stuck inside when his father died, leading to him being vulnerable enough to get married in that time. This is unbelievable evidence, proving the winter had an extreme effect on both Ethans actions and his relationship. Ethans terrible fate was caused by these torrential winters in Starkfield, Massachusetts as well. His sledding with Mattie on that beautiful day in winter seemed so great to the two of them, but of course, no Starkfield winter is looked at as a good winter. When they were kissing on Matties moving day, the author writes, Her hat had slipped back and he was stroking her hair. He wanted to get the feeling of it into his hand, so that it would sleep there like a seed in winter. Once he found her mouth again, and they seemed to be by the pond together in the burning August sun, (103). This quote can show both that his relationship with Mattie was the only bright and happy part of his life at the time, and that the winter really made things more dull. Then shortly after, Ethan begins thinking of suicide as Mattie brings it up. He said to himself: Perhaps itll feel like this and then again: After this I shant feel anything , Wharton writes (104). This is certainly solid proof that Ethan an d even Mattie believe their lives are so horrible in the winter,and its due to the marriage of the winterthat they would think about ending life just to be together. The two were on their way down the hill, ready to just die to be together, but instead they are just severely injured and have to continue their lives with their terrible new conditions. Thus, again proving that the winter has led to the overall fate of Ethan being negative and hard to get through. Therefore, Edith Wharton used the setting of the torrential winters in Starkfield, Massachusetts to emit a negative aspect on how Ethans life is in terms of his well being, relationships, and eventually, his fate. When someone says the winter is depressing, Im sure it hasnt been as depressing as Ethan Fromes has.

Nike The World s Largest Athletic Footwear - 1067 Words

NIKE is the world’s largest athletic footwear and apparel that ranks in the top 20 of the World’s Most Valuable Brands 2015. It designs, develops, markets, and sells athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories. The company was founded in 1964 and has its headquarter in Beaverton, Oregon. Apart from Nike brand, the company also entirely owned subsidiaries, which are Converse and Hurley International brand. In FY2015 (for the period ended 31 May 2015), Nike, Inc. recorded revenues of $30,601 million ($28,701 million solely from Nike brand), a growth of 10% over FY2014. Moreover, a break-down of revenues (only Nike brand) by geography illustrates that 47.9% of the total revenues were accounted by North America, 19.9% by Western Europe, 13.6% by Emerging Country, 10.7% by Greater China (an increase of 18% over FY2014), and the rest by Central and Eastern Europe and Japan. In addition, in term of revenues by product category, Nike generates revenues mainly from Fo otwear products with 63.8%, following by apparel 30.1%, and the remaining is equipment and other. Industry Overview In 2014, the global footwear market had total revenues of $289,725.8 million, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8% between 2010 and 2014. The CAGRs of Asia-Pacific markets is 7.9%, compare to those of US markets that is simply 3.1%. Nike is one of the large companies that share this market with the revenue in footwear of $18,318 million. The major competitors of Nike areShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Nike by Porter Five Forces Model1430 Words   |  6 PagesCheng ( Steven ) Title: The analysis of Nike in athletic footwear market based on porter’s Five forces model 1. Introduction One and a half months ago, the biggest athletic event in the world  ultimately drew its curtains after a pitched one-month-long battle, which saw thirty-two teams vying for the roll of honor of being crowned the final kings of football – the World Champions – and earn bragging rights for four years at least. It was not only a world war among 32 national teams, but alsoRead MoreNike s Code Of Conduct959 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year, about 900 million pieces of Nike footwear, apparel and equipment arrive at the right destination on time. The complex process involves more than 50 distribution centers, a network of thousands of accounts, and more than 100,000 retail stores around the world. As a leading company in footwear industry, Nike believes they have the responsibility to conduct their business in an ethical way and also expects the same of its business partners. Moreover, Nike focuses on working with long-term,Read MoreNike1194 Words   |  5 PagesNike Case Analysis Prepared for Consumer Behavior Introduction Nike is the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world with subsidiaries in over 200 countries across the world. It is a company that was founded by Phil Knight in the 1960’s, who was a talented middle-distance runner from Portland. He approached the Onitsuka Co. in Kobe, Japan, and persuaded the manufacturer of Tiger shoes to makeRead MoreNike : The World s Leading Supplier Of Athletic Shoes1625 Words   |  7 PagesNike is the world’s leading supplier of athletic shoes and merchandise. Within the United States alone Nike has exceeded $3.7 billion in total sales, and they make up more than 47% of the U.S. athletic sneaker market. Nike has been supplying the world with the top athletic sneakers and apparel since 1978. Originally founded as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight in 1962, the brand didn’t see increases in success until they rebranded in the late 1970’s. In 2015 Nike announced thatRead MoreNike : A Global Audience871 Words   |  4 PagesNike Nike is an American multinational company that sells, design and manufacturing clothing, footwear, sports equipment and accessories. Because Nike is a multinational company, Nike needs to have a great marketing strategy plan to be able to gain customers around the world. The strategy marketing can have pros and cons. Some of the pros are Nike is a mega brand, Technology and relations. Because Nike is a mega brand this helps the company to be more successful around the World, at this momentRead MoreThe Athletic Shoe Industry Is Made Up Of Companies That Produce Footwear For Athletic Use1638 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Introduction The athletic shoe industry is made up of companies that produce footwear for athletic use. This is a strong industry and has been around for over 100 years. The athletic shoe industry is one of the fastest growing footwear industries and have top growing sales compared to other footwear industries (NDP Group, 2016). The key players that currently dominate the market are Nike, Adidas, and Puma (Kates Bolduc, 2013). This paper will use the porter five forces, industryRead MoreNikes Athletic Footwear Products1659 Words   |  7 PagesNike was founded in 1964 and is headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon. It is the world’s largest supplier of athletic apparel and sports equipment, worth over 105 billion dollars. Nike sells its products to retail accounts, through Nike-owned retail stores and Internet Websites through a mix of independent distributors and licensees throughout the world. Independent contractors manufacture all of Nike’s products; including all of its footwear a nd apparel products, which are produced outside the UnitedRead MoreWhy Investing Of Nike Stocks Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pagesin Nike stocks? Over the last 10 years’ gym memberships within the United States have increased from 41.3 million to 54.1 million. The biggest trend over the last few years is becoming fit, more and more each day people are finding ways to live fit and healthier lifestyles. From eating the right nutritional foods, working out and people just wanting to follow the latest and greatest trends. The increase in gym memberships and the amount of people working out leads to the increase in athletic attireRead MoreGym Memberships At The United States Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesnutritional foods, working out and people just wanting to follow the latest and greatest trends. The increase in gym memberships and the amount of people working out leads to the increase in athletic attire. For this exact reason athleisure wear was born, it is the newest fashion trends were people wear athletic clothing regardless if they intend not to go to the gym that day. People are wearing it to the office, shopping, to run errands and other social events. Athleisure wear consist of articlesRead MoreNike Inc.: Study of Value Chain Functions and How They Contribute to the Success of Nike.2448 Words   |  10 PagesNike Inc.: Study of value chain functions and how they contribute to the success of Nike. Prepared by Helgi Frimannsson MBA 640A Dr. Norcio 2/19/2007 When Bill Bowerman, a former track-and-field coach at University of Oregon and co-founder of Nike Inc, once said if you have a body, you are an athlete, his words marked the foundation for a future business venture. Built on this quote is Nike ´s mission statement that states: bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the

Technology and Organization Structure Free Essays

Technology has invaded every aspect of our lives. In the past new technologies were meet with resistance that has since subsided and in many ways have become a part of standard operating procedure in our daily lives. The business world has not escaped the advancements of technology; in fact many companies have embraced the innovations and use them to their benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Organization Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employees in one office can communicate with their counterparts, clients and others almost effortlessly and in real time in other offices, states, and on other continents.Olsen Pedersen (2009) postulate that modern technology is enveloping, multifaceted and rapidly changing as is evident in every area of our lives. As a result leaders have used technology in a variety of ways ranging from conducting long distance meetings to making informed decisions about the organization, and allow employees to work in teams irrespective of their locations. Organizations in many industries are face with the decision of how best to incorporate technology into their organization’s structure.While technology is available to an organization, it is most effective when the technology enhances the organization’s strategy, structure, communication, employee relationships and the company’s overall performance. Technology today has moved from what Henderson Venkatraman (1993) refers to as a â€Å"back office† position to a more focal and significant role that has brought about change and has the potential to bring about greater transformation. Technological advancements could possibly bring about new strategies for some organizations and change the way they conduct business.In some instances companies are started because of the specific technologies. One example of this is a small business in near my office that creates, hosts, and maintains websites. If it were not for technology there would be not websites therefor e it would be reasonable to assume that there would most likely no need for such a business. Organizational structures My organization is based on a centralized management structure. The leaders of SWRC have a vision for our organization and they do not stray from this vision or what is referred to as â€Å"their tried and proven strategy†.As a leader it is my responsibility to carry out the vision of the leaders, positively influence and empower employees, help the organization move forward, and elevate my leadership skills. My input is welcomed and sometimes implemented once it does not stray from the organization’s core beliefs, mission, and strategy. Hence leaders below the CEO had limited decision making powers. AM on the other hand operates under more of a decentralized company structure. According to a leader (Mr. Phillips) in that company the decision making process is more shared; this approach has played a major role in AM’s success. Mr. Phillips expressed that empowering leaders has brought out the best in the leaders within his company. Additionally, these leaders have in turn empowered employees creating a sense of ownership in the company, which translates to greater commitment to the company and increased employee self worth. Mr. Phillips’ sentiment on leadership and the empowerment are shared by Lashley (1995) who asserts that employees who are empowered tend to be more committed to success.Literature Review In the 1970s Mohr (1971) expressed that the relationship between technology and organizational structure was not clearly established. Technology forth years ago was limited in scope especially in comparison to what is available today and what is on the horizon. It is almost impossible to imagine what technology will encompass forty years from now in general or within organizations. Mohr (1971) postulated that both organizational structure and technology are not simple concepts to address, and this is certainly evident even today as the definition of technology varies.Despite the varying views on the technology’s extent, it is evident that technology exists and plays a role in our private lives, the business world, science, education, philosophy, politics, ethics, and will continue to become more expansive in the future (Olsen, Pedersen Hendricks, 2009). One major aspect of the relationship between technology and organization structure is efficiency. There is growing consensus that their needs to be a strategic alignment between technology and organizations.Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) suggests that the ir needs to be a connection between promising technology and strategic management and â€Å"continuous adaption and change† (p. 4). This idea is valid because with the rapid changes in technology, the changing needs of organizations, and the constant demands from the public both the organization and their technology should be cohesive and equipped to change. McCullough’s (2004) compiled data from 110 companies in two emerging markets to determine whether or not there is a relationship between organizational effectiveness and technology.The study found that among the firms examined information technology positively influenced the organizations’ effectiveness. Comparisons of technological interactions between organizations The first of the two organizations is an international multifaceted non-profit that provides a wide array of services to disadvantaged individuals and families across the world. For privacy purposes this organization will be referred to as SWRC. Contrary to popular belief and many other non-profits, my organization pays close attention to the many advancements in technology. As a leader within my organization (SWRC) I am a part of a forward thinking group of individuals who while conservative, they embrace advancement and remains relevant. The second company which I will refer to as AM is much less conservative in their operation and leadership and is also a forward thinking for- profit organization. AM is a multinational consulting firm specializing in Turnaround and Restructing, Performance Improvement, Dispute Analysis and Forensics, Transaction Advisory and Tax Advisory.According to the company’s website the firm’s clients include 95% of AmLaw 100 firms, 25% of the SP 500, 40% of all Fortune 100 companies and 18 of 20 of the largest banks in the U. S. The firm employees approximately 1700 employees and last year’s billings approach $1 Billion dollars. The corporate structure of AM plays a very important role in the firms’ technological needs. Specifically, most of the employees are analysts who spend a significant amount of their billable time at client sites.Therefore every employee, even support staff who spends all of their time in-house, is issued a laptop. There are no desktops in the environment. The mobility of the staff drives the need for secure remote access to resources back at the corporate headquarters or the specific local office. VPN technology is therefore of utmost importance. Even with remote access provide some client site, for secure purpose, do not allow VPN access from their site. The technical staff of AM therefore turned to a VPN technology that utilized commonly allowed web protocols. Mobility of the workforce also required a means to secure the information that is stored on the analyst laptops. AM deployed a laptop encryption technology to protect against stolen or lost laptop revealing private data. In addition the data contained on the laptop needed to be backed up in case of accidental or intentional destruction of that data. The firm chose an online service that allowed the data on the laptops to be backed up and restored when necessary. Mobility of most of the firms’ employees almost drives the adoption of mobile phones and mobile messaging.Both these needs are achieved with the use of Blackberry mobile messaging devices. The analyst and support staff needs to be able to respond to emails from any location at almost any time. The blackberry devices provide mobile access to the firms email system and with a service offered by the mobile provider, a call to a desk phone simultaneously rings on the mobile phone. Therefore, the analyst will not miss a call or an email unless they are not in a coverage area. Analysts also travel and work for short and extended period of time in other AM offices.With a feature of the Voice over IP technology the user can log into any phone and his phone profile, like phone number and speed dials, follows them to that phone. These are only two examples of how the corporate structure of AM determines the type of technology it uses. Technology serves as an enabler for the structure of AM. Scott and Davis (2007) suggest that technology is one of the means by which an organization accomplishes their work. Securing documents, financial and other record, etc of AM as well as their clients is vital to them remaining reputable in their line of business more so than some other companies.SWRC’s success is hinged on their ability to meet the needs of the disadvantaged and their aggressive fundraising; technology plays a significant role in attaining these accomplishments. My organization also uses technology to respond to emails, on desktop computers, laptops and mobile devices; however the need for swiftness and being attached to an electronic leach is not at the same level. Advance technologies have opened up new methods of communications, fundraising, advertising, reaching the community, and improved efficiency for the employees of SWRC.My organization’s client list is not listed on our website nor is it widely discussed throughout the organization. Complex technologies have also created opportunities for business development at AM through greater collaboration, increased a ccessibility to information, and information sharing. According to an article in Business Week back in 1995, technology has a large appeal and when designed well leads to people and organizations more efficient, profitable, and knowledgeable. Conclusion The three articles used in this paper indicate that technology has played a significant role in organizational structure for several years.Both of the organizations discussed have experienced increased effectiveness, broaden the channels of communication, responsiveness to customers and clients, and has improved employee productivity as a result of technological advancements. While the two organizations discussed are of differing organizational structures, technology has played a significant role in each. AM is certainly a more technology savvy company than my non-profit organization with more advanced technology needs and systems, but both organizations’ structures are enhanced by their respective technology configurations.It is important that my non-profit organization be prepared to continue to move with the projected technological advancement in the interest of remaining relevant.References Lashley, C. (1995). Towards an understanding of employee empowerment in hospitality services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 7, 27-32. McCullough, J. (2004). Effects of organizational structure and information technology capability on organizational effectiveness in emerging markets. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics. Retrieved from http://www. allbusiness. com/technology/300264-1. html Mohr, B. L. (1971). Organizational theory and organizational structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 444-459. Olsen, J. K. B. , Pedersen, S. A. , Hendricks, V. F. (2009). A companion to the philosophy of technology Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Scott, W. R, Davis, G. F. (2007). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. How to cite Technology and Organization Structure, Essays

Ghost Story Essay Example For Students

Ghost Story Essay Shed passed her driving test just a week ago, and couldnt yet afford her own vehicle, yet the 17-year-old still enjoyed cruising around in her Fathers Fiat Punto. Shed spent the day enjoying a shopping spree in the busy town centre of Hailsbury, and had then spent a subsequent hour and fifteen minutes in a Chinese restaurant with a close friend. She looked down and admired her new figure-hugging beige top, which was low-cut and revealing. Not something my parents will like! She thought to herself, chuckling. The dynamic teen held out a manicured and pampered hand to put the current song on full volume, as she threw her head about to the beat, whilst singing along. She loved being 17, and as far as she was concerned it was going to be like this forever; plenty of friends, steady boyfriend, a car whenever she wanted, money, and an enjoyable job what more could anyone want, she asked herself? As the song came to an end she switched to the contrasting, sensible Charlotte. She switched her radio off whilst throwing her deceased chewing gum out of the window, as she approached her home. Her car moved steadily down the last road before her house, as she gazed ahead, feeling alert. A young girl was propped at the side of the road about 50 metres ahead, and she had her thin arms wrapped around herself for warmth and comfort. Poor girl, thought Charlotte. Maybe shes lost? She reflected. The girl looked about the same age as Charlotte, yet seemed rather impoverished. Her ill-fitting clothes appeared slightly grubby, and extremely old-fashioned. However, her large, pleading eyes melted Charlottes heart, as she decelerated, getting closer to the girl. The peculiar character seemed frightened, and it looked as thought she had been crying. She had great, soulful dark eyes, and long hair, that perhaps could look seductive to a male, if it were cleaner. As Charlotte stopped the car, about a metre away from the girl, who remained in position, she wound the window down. Would you like a lift? She yelled. The girl continued to stare ahead of her, at the opposite side of the road, but gave a slight nod of her head in acknowledgement. Jump in then, Im going to Meadsbury, is that where youre going? The girl gave the same nod in response, whilst slowly and carefully climbing into her car. As she sat down Charlotte noticed just how petite she was. Her legs were a lot longer than hers, yet were almost half the size. They were attached to a pair of unsightly black leggings. As Charlotte began to restart the car she noticed her passengers long, claw-like finger-nails, making her shudder. She also became aware of the sudden drop of temperature in the car. She grabbed her denim jacket from the back seat and began to wrap herself in it, when something slashed her face. She immediately put her hand to her face in absolute agony, as the stranger opened her mouth snaring her sharp, pointed teeth. Her claw-like fingernails were now smothered with blood from Charlottes face, as she stabbed her arm with them, and then dragged her hand right down to her wrist, leaving four elongated vertical wounds, each pouring with rich red blood. As Charlotte screamed for help she realised how isolated she was on the road that barely anyone used. She struggled to open her door and escape, as five fingernails appeared in front of her eyes. As she trembled with fear, a hand attacked her left eye, gauging out an eyeball. Her last memory was of redness, danger and blood. As Stephen lay in bed half-awake, the loud shrill noise came from his bedside phone. He picked it up mid yawn. Ello? He said, trying to disguise the fact that hed been asleep at 6pm. Stephen, its Dad. Ive got something to tell you. I think you were very lucky. That girl you. ran over. Yeh Dad, I tried forgetting about that, but carry on. Stephen replied with an annoyed tone. Well, I, er, I think you had a lucky escape. Shes just killed someone. .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad , .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .postImageUrl , .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad , .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:hover , .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:visited , .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:active { border:0!important; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:active , .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u569166af405f8d83ba9e649842f045ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Close Examination of the Text show EssayYou know Charlotte Bartholomew, lives down the road from you? Shes dead. It happened exactly where your accident was. Stephen, something strange is going on. Weve got to get out of here before she strikes again. Yeh Dad, I didnt hear any of that the doorbell went. Hold on a minute Ill just let whoever it was in. As Stephens dad waited, he heard shouts and screams from the other end of the phone, before an elongated help was heard. He paused in shock, stiff and rigid, as he realised that the phantom teen had struck again, this time in innocent Stephens house.

History of National Cinema

Cinema is a form of art and technology which started with primitive experiments in the late eighteenth century and within 20 years it had spread to all parts of the world. Apart from entertainment people used cinema in education and scientific research. The history of cinema is from the turning of the original invention on celluloid to movies or cinema.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of National Cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early years There is no single event that defines the beginning of cinema but it can be traced to attempts to present images in a sequence. The earliest event would be in 1798 with Etienne Gaspard Robertson’s’ phantasmagoria. The Phantasmagoria shows were common in the late 18th century where showmen used lanterns to project horror images onto walls. Etienne was a Fleming showman that used the phantascope projector behind a translucent screen to portr ay the horror images in 1763-1837 according to The Magic Lantern Society (5). The experiments in the 18th and 19th century aimed at creating persistence of vision. This was a smooth continuous flow of similar images from a film passed in front of light with high speed to create an illusion of movement. The early cinema films were moving snap shots made from one shot that were just a few minutes long. By 1905, the movies were about ten to fifteen minutes long and there was variation of the camera angle to tell a story or theme. In 1906, the Australians produced a film â€Å"The story of the Kelly gang† that was about an hour long. Cinema became specialized events that required venues for exhibition of the films. The first film and projection development happened simultaneously in France, Germany and USA around 1895. Two French inventors Auguste and Louis Lumià ¨res assembled a group of cameramen that went around taking shots viewed all over the world in 1896. Around the same time, Thomas Edison was popularizing the projector in the United States of America.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It became possible for anyone with the knowledge and capital to venture into cinema. In 1908, a French company ‘Pathà © –Frà ¨res’ introduced a network of distribution of short films and comics scenarios all over the world. This essay discusses the historical dimensions based on different national cinemas between 1890 and 1985 (Roberta 13). French Cinema The pioneers of cinema in France were Pathà © -Frà ¨res who were involved in the mass production of film and cinema equipment. They constructed cinemas across major cities and other companies either followed their lead or found a niche in the industry like Leon Gaumont and Éclair who started the manufacture and distribution of apparatus and then opened a studio in America (1910-1 913). Louis Aubert’s company gave exclusive contracts to release movies made by Italians and Dutchmen in France. The first public viewing of a film made by the Lumià ¨res brothers marked the beginning of cinema in France before the 1900’s.There was a historical reenactment of episodes of the Transvaal war which premiered on the new years’ eve of 1900 which was filmed by Lucien Mognet and released by Charles Pathà ©. During the Paris World Fair, the Lumià ¨res brothers projected a 25 minute program that contained various short films. According to Lanzoni (26) French cinema dominated world markets and this continued till the beginning of the First World War and the emergence of Hollywood. The Lumià ¨re brothers developed the Cinà ©matographe and first filmed the workers leaving the factory in March 1895.They actually believed that cinema was a dying art therefore they did not put too much emphasis on developing it and concentrated on production and sale of ci nema equipment. The French were the first to organize their own film industry and cinema stopped being a fair or a show attraction but a separate event with specialized venues. Pathà © – Frà ¨res’ and Leon Gaumont were responsible for film making distribution, equipment manufacture and construction of cinemas halls like the 3000 capacity Gaumont Palace in Paris.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of National Cinema specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was an invention of genres as the audience got tired of the same type of films to include comedy, historical reconstruction, science fiction, melodrama, crime series and documentaries. For instance, the comedy genre made Max Linder a true movie star according to Abel (112). He started his first film with Pathà ©- Frà ¨res and then got a contract with Hollywood’s Essanay Studios. Melodramas and Serials genre gained popularity around the same time and most of the production companies concentrated on these genres in the 1930’s. Some of the famous works done at that time include ‘A Trip to the Moon’ by Georges Mà ©lià ¨s who was the first film maker to use special effects in 1902. Hollywood â€Å" This is the cinema of United States which is located in South California. The first movie was made by a Biograph Company known as In the Old California. After the success of making of the movie many other companies followed suit and moved to California. They wanted to avoid paying the fees imposed by Thomas Edison who owned patents in the movie making business. The climate in South California was milder and had reliable sunlight and it made it possible to film outside all year round. These companies set up a system that came to dominate cinema in the whole world. In the studio system production, publicity, distribution and exhibition of the films were done in factory like studios. This syst em was replicated in other places in the world so as to compete with the rising American market. By 1925 the system was now known as the Hollywood system that produced some of the icons like Charlie Chaplin (Maltby 21). Hollywood was able to emerge and rise very fast mainly because of the collapse of the Motion Pictures Patent Company. This company was made up of some American and European manufactures in 1908 that came together and inflated prices of the equipments that only they could manufacture.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the members left the company like Carl Laemmle, William Fox, Adolph Zukor who started Paramount and Marcus Loew (MGM). These independent movie makers started making long complicated narratives that set them apart from the Company. In 1913, they moved away from New York to California to establish Hollywood and dominated the cinema worldwide. The production system involved mass production of popular films and distribution. They adapted Europe’s feature films and produced them like the Dante’s Inferno (1911). The advertising and publicity of the movies was mainly through the stars where production companies poached stars from each other and from the theatre stage. Later on, they stated developing their own stars that would identify with their brand like Mary Pickford by Adolph Zukor. He made her the biggest star in 1917 and soon rival companies followed suit. These stars then broke away to form United Artist that produced some movies like ‘The Mark of Zorroà ¢â‚¬â„¢ in 1920, ‘Robin Hood’ in 1923, ‘Little Lord Fauntleroy’ in 1921 and ‘The Gold Rush’ in 1925 according to Smith (83).The movies were still silent films and there was an attempt to include sound with the pictures. The production system evolved with studio bosses being able to schedule production of movies a year in advance (Bordwell et al. 85).The production and distribution companies grew with Adolph’s Famous players now Paramount being the largest film company in the world and was listed n the New York Stock exchange in 1920 (Balio 35). Japanese Cinema Movies have been in Japan as early as 1897 but there were some prehistoric Magic Lanterns that dominated late 19th century. There are various genres namely ‘Jidaigeki’ which was done between 1603 and1868, ‘Anime’ and ‘Kaiju’ which were monster films as well as the ‘Samurai’ cinema. The Lumià ¨re brothers’ camera crew was t he first to film in Japan in 1897 and two years later the first Japanese film was viewed (Schrader Donald 9). The first movies were ghost films and documentaries. Most of the movies were influenced by traditional theatre like the ‘Bunraku’ and ‘Kabuki’. The narrative films were accompanied by music scores and were known as ‘Benshi’. The floating nest of the grebe was a film of the Kabuki play shown using the magic lanterns colored apparatus. In 1905, war films became popular and this led to the production of fake documentaries which brought a clear distinction of fiction and nonfiction forms of art and film. Before 1908, there were no studios and the films were made outdoors according to Komatsu (230). These outdoor films had painted backdrops and a studio was built in January 1908 by Kenichi Kawaura after his American visit to Edison studio. The establishment of the first cinema was in 1903 in Asakusa Tokyo known as Electric theatre replacing the Vaudeville Halls. By 1912, the movies had a heavy French influence and were in diverse genres like trick film, comedy, scenery and the traditional Kabuki. Mukojima studio in Tokyo was built by Nippon Katsudoshashin Company which was a trust formed by Yoshizawa, Yokota, Pathe and Fukuhodo. They specialized in production of the new school films which were films based on contemporary subjects and issues from newspapers and magazines. The old school films featured sword fights and historic costumes while new school featured contemporary situations. Development of film producing companies continued and by 1914 there were about 9 companies. The period between 1920 and 1923 witnessed a great change in Japanese Cinema as new school became modern drama and the production system similar to the one in Hollywood was established. The film companies started employing actresses to replace the oyamas male in female roles (Komatsu 34). In the 1930’s silent films were still in production in Japan and the first full length sound film was Fujawara Yoshie no furasato. In this period the government became more involved in the industry and passed the film law which encouraged production of propaganda and cultural films. In the 1940’s, the cinema industry was adversely affected by the World War II rendering a lot of people jobless. The government used this medium to show its citizens the strength of the empire thus most films in this period had patriotic and military themes. In the history of cinema around the world there are actors or actresses that have shaped the evolution of cinema to what it is presently. This essay also explores the life and work of Cecil B.Demille and Buster Keaton. Buster Keaton (1895-1966) He was one of the best silent comedians of the silent era who started acting with his parents while still a baby in vaudeville acts. He did acrobats at age 5 and in 1917 the family act split and he went to work in New York. He studied how to make films a nd in 1921 he was in about 20 short films which he directed. The coming of sound brought an end to his career and those of many silent film comedians. During the silent era he was in various films and appeared in his first full length film in The Saphead in 1920. He worked with Roscoe Arbuckle at the Tallmadge Studios in New York City and became his second director. He later got his own production unit ‘Buster Keaton’ which made comedies. He performed various stunts for making of full length movie like the Steamboat Bill Jr. in 1928. Other full length features were Our Hospitality in 1923, The Navigator in 1924 and Sherlock Jr. in 1924. His career and personal life went downhill after 1932 and he joined MGM but only appeared in 2nd rate movies and until when he appeared alongside Charlie Chaplin in 1951 in the Limelight. With the introduction of sound the actors had to shoot one scene in three different languages like English, Spanish and German and Keaton kept on compl aining about having to shoot a lousy scene thrice and in three languages (Keaton 3). He joined Columbia pictures in 1936 to star in two reel comedies which directed by Jules White and audience welcomed his return to the screen with Columbia comedies. He died in 1966 of Lung cancer in Woodlands California and left a legacy in comedy during the silent era and with sound films. He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for television and motion pictures. A documentary Buster Keaton: a Hard Act to Follow in 1987 won two Emmy awards in an accurate representation of his life. Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959) He was born to a playwright and an actress in Ashfield, Massachusetts and tried acting and playwright which did not work out. He decided to try directing following an invitation from Jesse Lasky and Sam Goldfish. After convincing Jesse to try producing movies and abandon the theatres and the produced the first movie The Squaw Man in 1914 (Birchard 4). By the end of that year he had m ade five other films. He tried on the plots of old stage dramas and experimented with lighting, and cutting (Smith 74). He was very innovative and able to transform an ordinary sequence of shots with a clever cut to show a drift in the characters thought. In 1915 he directed ‘The cheat’ which became such a hit in France. His ‘Joan of Arc’ was poorly received as it was his first attempt at this type of film and after that he made moderns comedies in 1918. Five years later he made the ‘Ten Commandments’ which was a great hit and after the ‘Biblical epic’ he left Paramount and formed his own company. Cinema Corporation of America produced Kings of Kings in 1927 and soon the company closed and he joined MGM where he left and went back to Paramount pictures. In conclusion, cinema evolved a great deal between 1895 and 1945 from the use of primitive magic lanterns to silent era films that led to sound or colored films. In about 50 years c inema changed worldwide and it has been evolving ever since. Bibliography Abel, Richard. French Film Theory and Criticism: A history /Anthology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988. Print. Balio, Tino. Grand design: Hollywood as Business Enterprise. London: University of California  Press, 1993. Print. Birchard, R.S. Cecil B. DeMille’s Hollywood. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2004,  Print. Bordwell, David, Staiger, Janet and Thompson, Kristin. The Classical Hollywood  Cinema: London: University of California Press, 1985. Print. Keaton, Buster. My Wonderful World of Slapstick. United Kingdom: Allen Unwind, 1967.  Print. Komatsu, Hiroshi. Japan before the Great Kanto Earthquake in the Oxford History of World  Cinema. Massachusetts. Oxford University Press, 1996. Print. Lanzoni, Remi. F. French Cinema: from its beginning to the present. New York: The Continuum  International Publishing Group, 2005. Print. Maltby, Richard. Hollywood Cinema. Massach usetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. Roberta, Pearson. Transitional Cinema, in the Oxford History of World Cinema. Massachusetts:  Oxford University Press, 1996. Print. Schrader, Paul and Donald, Richie. A hundred years of Japanese film: A concise history with a  selective guide. Japan: Kondansha International, 2001. Print. Smith, George. N. The Oxford History of World Cinema. Massachusetts. Oxford University  Press, 1996. Print. The Magic Lantern Society. History of the Lanterns. 15 Nov. 2009. Web. Filmography The Squaw Man ( 1914); The Virginian ( 1914); Joan the Woman ( 1917); The Whispering Chorus ( 1918); Old Wives for New ( 1918); The Affairs of Anatoly ( 1921);The Ten Commandments ( 1923); King of Kings ( 1927); The Sign of the Cross ( 1932). Cleopatra (1934); The Plainsman ( 1937); Union Pacific ( 1939); Unconquered ( 1947);Samson and Delilah ( 1949); The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952); The Ten Commandments ( 1956). Short films. The Butcher Boy (with Roscoe Arbuckle) (1 917); Back Stage (with Roscoe Arbuckle) (1919); One Week (1920); Neighbors (1920); The Goat (1921); The Playhouse (1921). This research paper on History of National Cinema was written and submitted by user Derrick Price to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome

Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome Free Online Research Papers Preeclampsia, Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome are all serious complications of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension, and Eclampsia is the worsening of Preeclampsia where the woman experiences convulsions or goes into a coma. HELLP syndrome is a severe form of Preeclampsia, characterized high blood pressure as well. Both of these Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome can stem from Preeclampsia but they can also come about on their own with out ever having had Preeclampsia. There is no way to prevent any of these diseases; you can’t eat something or take a prescription, or anything. The only known cure for theses diseases is delivery of the baby. The treatments for these diseases are mainly to keep the mother pregnant for as long as possible. With all of these diseases death of the mother or baby is a serious complication. Studies have shown that if the mother goes to her health care provider on all of her prenatal visits there is a better chance that the baby and the mother will have little or no adverse effects. Preeclampsia is a universal problem during pregnancy, affecting up to one in seven pregnant women around the world. This condition is defined by high blood pressure and extra protein in the urine after twenty weeks of pregnancy. It has other names such as toxemia, or pregnancy-induced hypertension. In the United States Preeclampsia is usually mild. But if not treated it can lead to serious complications and even death for the mother and the unborn baby. Globally, Preeclampsia and other high blood pressure disorders during pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and infant death (Mayo Clinic, Sept. 2006). Preeclampsia is a condition in pregnant women or immediately after pregnancy that is a form of toxemia of pregnancy characterized by hypertension; a ‘diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg or a systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg, or a rise in the former of at least 15mm Hg or in the latter of at least 30mm Hg’ (Am J Obstetric Gynecology, 1998), fluid retention (when fluid isn’t removed from the body tissues), and albuminuria (albumin found in the urine) sometimes progressing to Eclampsia. The exact cause of Preeclampsia is still a mystery, there have been numerous studies but all the theories are still un-proven; some of the theories are: genetic, dietary, vascular, and autoimmune factors (Am J Obstetric Gynecology, 1998). Preeclampsia is most common in women who are pregnant for the first time (nulliparity), pregnant teens, and women who are over 40 years of age. The biggest risk factor of Preeclampsia is merely to be pregnant. Other risk factors are history of high blood pressure before pregnancy, previous history of Preeclampsia, history of Preeclampsia in mother or sisters, black race, obesity before pregnancy, carrying more than one baby and history of diabetes, kidney disease, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis (The Cleveland Clinic Birthing Services, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2006). Signs and symptoms of Preeclampsia can be asymptomatic, which is the scariest because women diagnoses with Preeclampsia do not usually fell sick. A lot of the times women with this disease think the signs of it are normal pregnancy symptoms. The more obvious symptoms are high blood pressure (hypertension) and the presence of extra protein in the urine after twenty weeks of pregnancy. Other signs of Preeclampsia are not always as obvious and include severe headaches, changes in vision; temporary loss of vision, blurred vision or light sensitivity, upper abdominal pain that usually occurs under the ribs on the right side, unexplained anxiety, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, decreased urine output, blood in the urine, rapid heartbeat, ringing in the ears, and fever. Sudden weight gain such as more than two pounds a week or six pounds in a month is a common sign as well. Preeclampsia can also happen gradually or very sudden. It may occur during the last half of the pregnancy, during del ivery or even a few days after the baby is born (Mayo Clinic, Sept. 2006). Preeclampsia is usually diagnosed on scheduled prenatal blood pressure checks and urine tests. If the mother has one reading of a high blood pressure she may be asked to come in more often to check her blood pressure so she can be monitored more closely (Mayo Clinic, Sept. 2006). The protein test for urine is important and if the test comes back even 1+ on the dipstick of a clean catch the doctor may order a twenty four hour urine collection to determine whether there is protein leaking from the kidneys (Sarah Henry, 2004). Lab studies such as complete blood count (CBC), thrombocytopenia (disorder where there are not enough platelets), hemoconcentration (increased concentration of cells and solids in the blood), liver functions tests, serum cretonne (measures the amount of creatinine in the blood), uric acid (used to evaluate the blood) and elevated PT may be ran to see if the patient has Preeclampsia. The doctor may also order an ultrasonography for fetal assessment (Wagner, LK, Family Physician, 2004). Most women with Preeclampsia give birth to healthy babies. Complications that may occur are lack of blood flow to the placenta and the problem with that is the baby may receive less oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to slow growth, low birth weight, preterm still birth and placental abruption. Placental abruption is when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. If it is severe abruption it can cause heavy bleeding (which can be deadly for the mother and baby), HELLP syndrome and Eclampsia (Mayo Clinic, 2007). Other complications of Preeclampsia are abruption placentae disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, renal insufficiency or failure, Hemolysis, ventricular arrhythmia, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count, cerebral hemorrhage, fetal growth retardation, and death of the mother and/or baby (Dawn C. Jung, 2006). Prevention of Preeclampsia is still not known, there are some things that may make it less likely to occur. The most important thing that can be done is to keep all prenatal appointments with the doctor, since the condition is usually most often detected during these visits. A good thing to do is for the mother to participate in her own care: fond out her usual blood pressure (before pregnancy) and then she should ask what her blood pressure is at each visit. Also she should ask if there is protein is her urine, if yes then how much (Sarah Henry, 2004)? There are currently no known treatments other then delivery of the baby. If the mother is near the end of her pregnancy the doctor may decide to put her on bed rest to give the baby more time to grow and mature. The rules for bed rest depend on each individual’s case. If it is a mild case the mother may be able to stay at home and monitor her own blood pressure as well as going to see her doctor a couple of times a week. The doctor will tell her how much she is able to get up and what her activities should include. The patient should be very clear on what her restrictions are. She should prepare her resting room, if she chooses to rest in her bedroom or living room, etc. she should have everything set up around her within reach. The hours in the day will seem very long so the patient should try and organize her day, set a routine, have specific times for television, reading, and even telephone use. It might be a good idea to stay on the same times for meals and bedtime. The l ast thing she could is to take up a hobby such as scrap booking, knitting, painting, etc. (Mayo Clinic, 2006). In more severe cases of Preeclampsia the mother may have to be on bed rest in the hospital. The patient may have to do stress tests or biophysical profiles to monitor the baby’s well being. If there is a low amount it is a sign that the blood supply to the baby is inadequate and the mother may have to deliver the baby. Most of the women who have Preeclampsia are closely monitored and their doctors will not let them go past their fortieth week of pregnancy because of the risks to the baby. The readiness of the cervix- whether it’s beginning to dilate, efface, or ripen may also be a determining factor on when the doctor will deliver the baby (Mayo Clinic, 2006). The doctor may have to induce labor or perform a caesarean section is the Preeclampsia is severe enough. It all depends on the health of the mother and the unborn baby. In cases like these the benefits of delivering the baby early are better then the risks of waiting. During the delivery the mother may be given magnesium sulfate intravenously to boost uterine blood flow and avoid seizures (Mayo Clinic, 2006). Corticosteroids may benefit the women with Preeclampsia. Powerful corticosteroid medications can temporarily improve liver and platelet functioning in women with severe Preeclampsia. These medications might be able to lengthen pregnancy in situations where the baby is to young for delivery in terms of gestational development. Corticosteroids may also be able to make the baby’s lungs more mature in as little as forty-eight hours (Mayo Clinic, 2006). The impact on the baby when the mother has Preeclampsia depends on the degree of severity of the disease. The most common impact is the baby will be undernourished as a result of utero-placental vascular insufficiency, which leads to growth retardation. The baby’s health as well as weight is compromised, leading to various degrees of fetal morbidity, and possibly fetal death (Alicia M. Lapidus, OBGYN, 1999). There have been long term follow up studies and the results are that the baby is more likely to develop hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes when they become adults. Studies are still in progress on the impact of the fetus (Alicia M. Lapidus, OBGYN, 1999). Eclampsia is a complication of Preeclampsia and it comes from the Greek word â€Å"ek† meaning â€Å"out† and the Greek word â€Å"lampein† meaning â€Å"to flash†, put the two words together and you get â€Å"to flash out† (Med Friendly). Eclampsia is a life threatening condition of pregnancy. In some cases comas or seizures may be the first signs that are acknowledged in a woman already diagnosed with Preeclampsia (eMedicine Health, 2006). Eclampsia is not as common as Preeclampsia it occurs in about one of every two thousand to three thousand pregnancies (Dominic Marchiano, MD, 2004). Eclampsia like Preeclampsia is not well understood. It involves a multi-system complication of pregnancy that significantly contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality (BMJ, 2005). The systems included are the cardiovascular system (CVS), renal system, and the central nervous system (CNS) (Stephanie R. Fugate, DO, 2005). The CVS derangements caused Eclampsia include generalized vasospasm, which is a sudden constriction of an artery leading to a decrease in its width and in the amount of blood it can deliver. Increased peripheral vascular resistance, increased left ventricular stroke work index, decreased central venous pressure, and decreased pulmonary wedge pressure. Renal system includes decreased glomeruler filtration tare, decreased renal plasma flow, and decreased uric acid clearance. The central nervous system includes problems with cerebral edema and cerebral hemorrhage (Stephanie R. Fugate, DO, 2005). Signs of Eclampsia are seizures, severe agitation, and unconsciousness for an unpredictable period of time, possible musculoskeletal aches and pains after an event caused by trauma. Other signs are involuntary movements, the relaxation phase of deep-tendon reflexes may be longer, breathing may come to an end for brief periods, physical evidence of trauma may be eminent, and an eye examination may not retinal changes caused by hypertension. About twenty percent of women who have Eclampsia only have slight change in blood pressure, and that may be there only sign (Web MD, 2007). The risk of Eclampsia is random and is not always physical signs so the doctor may give an anticonvulsant medication during labor to prevent seizures. Magnesium sulfate is a common choice of doctors to help control seizures. Medications might be used to lower blood pressure during pregnancy and the goal is to manage the condition of the mother until she is at least thirty-six weeks pregnant. The condition will be resolved when the baby is delivered or shortly after (Dominic Marchiano, MD, 2004). There are no known treatments for Eclampsia. If possible the doctor wants to keep the mother pregnant for as long as possible, so he may decide to put her on bed rest. Delivery is the only known treatment for Eclampsia. Causes that the doctor may decide to induce the mother are; diastolic blood pressure is greater then 110mm Hg for a six hour period of time, persistent or severe headaches, stomach pain, abnormal liver function tests, rising serum creatinine, HELLP syndrome, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), thrombocytopenia (an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the circulatory blood), abnormal fetal heart pattern, and failure of fetal growth that is obvious on the ultrasound (Dominic Marchiano, MD, 2004). The complications of Eclampsia are as many as fifty six percent of patients may have brief deficits, including loss of sight due to organic lesions in the visual cortex. Most women do not develop long-term abnormal conditions from eclamptic seizures, but their cases should be followed closely by their doctors for resolution of symptoms (Rosen P., 1998). Serious complications include liver failure, kidney failure, lung failure, bleeding of the brain, a build up of fluid in the lungs, and pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs due to infection). Other complications are Hemolysis (a break down of red blood cells with discharge of hemoglobin), hypofibrinogenemia (an abnormal deficiency of fibrinogen in the blood that causes bleeding to stop), bleeding in the retina (a delicate, multilayered, light sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball and connected to the optic nerve to the brain), temporary blindness, and abrupt placentae; a sac-shaped organ that attaches the embryo or fetus to the uterus, which is when the placenta separates in pregnancy of twenty weeks or more. The placenta is important to the fetus because it is the organ which links the blood supply to the fetus and by which the baby can release wastes (Med Friendly, 2007). The most severe complication of Eclampsia is that the mother and/or baby die. About ten percent of the mothers die from this disease and thirty three to fifty percent of the babies die, typically because they are not getting enough oxygen. Characteristically, of these deaths about half take place before birth and the other half after birth (Med Friendly, 2007). The most serious complication of Preeclampsia besides death is the HELLP syndrome. H stands for Hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells); EL stands for Elevated Liver enzymes in the blood (reflecting liver damages); LP stands for Low blood levels of Platelets (specialized cells which are vital for normal clotting), in which there is a combined liver and blood clotting disorder. This condition occurs in mid-second trimester of pregnancy, and up to eight percent of women it occurs in is after the baby is born. The HELLP syndrome can also occur on its own, with out ever having Preeclampsia. Women who have this syndrome may have problems with bleeding, high blood pressure or liver problems that can hurt both the mother and/or the baby (Internet Health Library, 2005). Comparison of risk factors for the HELLP syndrome and Preeclampsia (Maureen O’Hara Padden LCDR, MC, USN, 1999): HELLP Syndrome Preeclampsia Multiparous Nulliparous Maternal age greater than 25 years of age Maternal age less than 20 years or greater than45 years White race Family history of Preeclampsia History of poor pregnancy outcome Minimal prenatal care diabetes mellitusChronic hypertension Multiple gestation Any pregnant woman can get the HELLP syndrome. Most of the women who get this illness have high blood pressure, but this is not always the case. The most common people who get this are women who are white and over the age of 25, if they have had children previously or if there was a problem in a past pregnancy such as Preeclampsia (Maureen O’Hara Padden, 1999). ‘Key abnormalities include vasoconstriction (constriction of a blood vessel), increased vascular tone, platelet aggregation (the attachment of platelets to one another) and an alteration of the thromboxane (any of several compounds, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood) and prostacyclin (a prostaglandin produced in the walls of blood vessels that acts as a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation) ratio. The changes can be partly explained by the activation of complement and the coagulation (process of clot formation) cascade causing multi-organ endothelial and micro vascular injury, and resulting in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes (periportal and hepatic necrosis) and thrombocytopenia.’ (Egerman RS, Sibai BM, 1999) The most obvious signs of HELLP syndrome are nausea, epigastric pain (pain just below the ribs), or right upper quadrant pain (Sibai BM, 1993). Other symptoms include feeling tired and bad headaches. There may be swelling that occurs mostly in the face and hands, and on rare occasions bleeding from the gums and other places such as massive bleeding due to minor injuries (Maureen O’Hara Padden, 1999). There are diagnostic tests that can be done to find out if the patient has the HELLP syndrome. The first is hematocrit; it may be decreased or normal and is the last of the three abnormalities to appear. If the finding of a serum haptoglobin level is decreased the mother will have to have continuing Hemolysis until the hematocrit is normal. The serum transaminase levels may be as high as four thousand U per L, but milder elevations are nothing out of the ordinary. The platelet counts can drop as sow as six thousand per mm3, but if there is any platelet count less then one hundred and fifty per mm3 to be watched by the doctor. The platelet count is the best way to recognize the HELLP syndrome. Laboratory abnormalities typically get worse after delivery of the baby and hit the highest point at twenty four to forty eight hours after the baby is born. The high levels of lactate dehydrogenase level signals the beginning changes for the better and successive normalization of the platelet c ount (Maureen O’Hara Padden, LCDR, MC, USN, 1999). There are two classifications systems that are used to identify the HELLP syndrome. The first one is based on the number of abnormalities that are there. In this system this system the patients are classified as having partial HELLP syndrome, which is just one or two of the abnormalities. The class 2 HELLP syndromes are the full HELLP syndromes are at a greater risk of complications, which include DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), then the women with class one or partial HELLP syndrome. The patients with full HELLP syndrome should be considered for the delivery of the baby within forty-eight hours (Maureen O’Hara Padden, LCDR, MC, USN, 1999). Typically in the past, the deliveries of patients with the HELLP syndrome were routinely proficient by a cesarean section (C-section). The patients that had the full HELLP syndrome superimposed DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), or a C-section then 32 weeks should deliver a gestation that is less. A trial labor is appropriate in patients that have mild to moderate HELLP syndrome and if they are stable, have an approving cervix and are at least 32 weeks pregnant (Maureen O’Hara Padden, LCDR, MC, USN, 1999). The treatment of HELLP syndrome is determined by the physician and will be based on: your pregnancy and overall health and medical history, extent of the disease, the patients tolerance for specific medications, procedures and therapies, expectations for the course of the disease and the opinion of the patient. Treatments may include: bed rest, hospitalization because specialized personnel and equipment may be necessary, blood transfusions, magnesium sulfate, antihypertensive medications and fetal monitoring to check the health of the baby (UVa Health, 2006). The doctor may decide to check the baby while the mother is still pregnant, and these may include fetal movement count- keeping track of the baby’s kicks and movements. A change in this number or regularity might mean the baby is under stress. A nonstress testing, which is a test that combines nonstress testing with ultrasound to observe the baby. A Doppler flow study is a type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to measure the flow of blood through a blood vessel (UVa Health, 2006). The patients that are diagnosed with HELLP syndrome should be treated with corticosteroids regularly. The antenatal administration of dexamethasone (Decadron) in a high dosage of 10 mg through an IV every 12 hours has been shown to clearly make the laboratory abnormalities connected with the HELLP syndrome get better. The mothers treated with this drug show signs of longer time for delivery. Steroids that are sometimes given do not classically prevent the worsening of laboratory abnormalities after delivery; patients who get the steroids postpartum make the laboratory abnormalities resolve quicker. Patients should also be treated with magnesium sulfate to prevent one of the complications, which are seizures. If the patients blood pressure remains high (greater then 160/110 mm Hg) even after the magnesium sulfate is used they should use antihypertensive therapy. This will make the risk of maternal cerebral hemorrhage, placental abruption and seizures less likely to occur (Maureen Oâ⠂¬â„¢Hara Padden, LCDR, MC, USN, 1999). The complications of HELLP syndrome are seizures, which occur as a result of restricted blood flow to the organs caused by high blood pressure Anemia, which is caused by the breakdown of red blood cells, problems with blood clotting, including Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation that cause internal hemorrhaging, placental abruption, difficulty breathing which can be caused by fluid buildup in the lungs. Then there is liver damage or failure, kidney damage or failure and stroke (Pregnancy info, 2007). Patients who have the HELLP syndrome are at a greater risk of danger then the babies. The compromised body functions can cause liver failure, heart failure or stroke. The baby’s health is threatened because the decline of blood flow can cause placental separation and lower birth weight, and because the baby ultimately will have to be delivered prematurely The greater part of baby’s born to mothers with this syndrome do very well (Christine Fisher Guy, 2005). If the baby weighs more then a thousand grams when they are born the survival weight and the time they stay at the hospital are similar to baby’s born at about the same birth weight to mothers that do not have the HELLP syndrome, and there are not usually any long term effects on the baby. If the baby weighs less then a thousand grams at birth the news is not as good. The studies that have been conducted have shown that the baby will probably have to stay in the hospital longer and may even have to be on a ventilator. The studies show that these smaller babies have a decreased chance of living compared to babies of the same birth weight to mothers with Eclampsia. The same studies declare that the prenatal mortality from HELLP syndrome ranges from 7.7 percent to 60 percent. The most common cause of these deaths is recognized by abruption of the placenta prematurely separating, intrauterine asphyxia (when the baby does not get enough oxygen), and extreme prematurity (HELLP syndr ome society, 2005). Prevention of the HELLP syndrome is not known at this time. The only thing the patient can do is to know the warning signs and to be well informed on them. The patient should also keep regular check ups with their health care provider, and if they get the HELLP syndrome they can receive treatment and hopefully try to prevent this disease from getting worse (UVa Health, 2006). The most common medical complication of pregnancy is hypertension. The women diagnosed with the HELLP syndrome, Eclampsia, and Preeclampsia presents a variety of management issues. Regardless of the diagnosis, severe Preeclampsia, the HELLP syndrome, or Eclampsia can intensely affect the woman and her unborn baby. The underlying pathophysiology must be evaluated and treated with both patients in mind at all times. The main goal for all of these diseases is to keep the mother pregnant for as long as possible. She may be given magnesium sulfate or an anticonvulsant to help her stay pregnant. Both the mother and baby will be closely monitored, and if the mother is close to the end of her pregnancy or if the baby is in distress the doctor may decide to induce labor or do a C-section. The most important thing is to make sure that both parties are doing well until the baby is delivered and they are both out of harms way. Research Papers on Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, Capital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMind TravelThe Spring and Autumn

Responding to GASB request for the Public Comment Research Paper

Responding to GASB request for the Public Comment - Research Paper Example It is also a very good avenue for a person to exercise his/her rights as the law demands that the exposure drafts be availed to them. Another benefit of providing public comment is for the practicality of the changes recommended to be assessed by the general public and experts alike. The critical elements of the draft are that a sole or agent employer should on its basic financial statement show a net pension liability that is a result of the pension liability less the value of net assets available to pay for pension benefits and also that the calculation of the pension liability should be made in accordance with the individual level-percent-of-pay entry age normal funding method (Buck Research, 2011). These elements are not present in the current standards and allow pension information or any other supplementary information that may be required to be presented in notes. They also allow for the use of a number of funding methods to be used when doing accounting disclosures which was not permitted in the previous standards. Government agencies usually have component units that are considered as legally separate organizations although these agencies include them in their financial statements. However, the new standards proposed in the exposure drafts will require those government agencies and the component units deemed as being fiscally dependent have a financial or burden relationship. The proposed standards will determine how those organizations that do not meet financial accountability concepts will be handled if the government deems it to be misleading to exclude them. The way that component units initially went about their reporting will also be amended to make sure that their reporting is done as if they were part of the government. Management of the government agencies will have an operational responsibility towards these component units in addition to the benefit/burden

A topic that shows an understanding of economics conept Term Paper

A topic that shows an understanding of economics conept - Term Paper Example Wal-Mart gets a huge discount for buying the milk in large quantities. Similarly, the suppliers who deliver the ten thousand cartons enjoy the economies of scale. The cost of delivering many cartons is remarkably low. Notably, the average cost of delivering the thousand cartons is less than that of transporting hundred. In effect, the transport cost per unit reduces remarkably. The supplier will need to pay a single driver, and the fuel cost will remain fixed. It is evident that the economies of scale benefit the firms that purchase products in large quantities. The reduction of the cost per output in turn increases the profitability of firms as in the case of Wal-Mart. The Wal-Mart economies of scale is internal. It is specific to the individual enterprise. Boyes and Melvin (2012) contend that the firms that buy products in bulk for resale benefit from the internal economies of scale known as purchasing. Such firms reduce the expenses including the transport costs. Wal-Mart continues to gain the purchasing economies of scale for buying products from the suppliers in large quantities. Similarly, the supermarket chain achieves purchasing discount. In essence, Wal-Mart and suppliers benefit from the economies of scale by purchasing and delivering in bulk respectively. Therefore, firms should capitalize on the economies of scale to maximize profits and reduce the cost of production as exemplified by Wal-Mart. The economies of scale enjoyed by the Wal-Mart can be used expound the patterns of global trade. In effect, the exploitation of the economies of scale can explain the growth of firms such as Wal-Mart in a particular industry. Boyes and Melvin (2012) argue that economists utilize the economies of scale justify free trade policies. Perhaps, the economies of scale, which Wal-Mart enjoys, has facilitated the expansion of the chain supermarket to many parts across the globe. The low cost of

The Bodily Continuity Criterion Philosophy Essay

The Bodily Continuity Criterion Philosophy Essay In this chapter I will demonstrate that the bodily criterion alone is not sufficient for continuation of identity, by describing the limits of acceptable physical change. However, I will also show that some form of physical continuation is necessary, such as a persons genetic make-up. Some materialist philosophers (such as Eric Olsen) have claimed that the physical body is the seat of the identity. This view claims that as long as one keeps the same body throughout their life, they are guaranteed to maintain their unique identity. This approach makes identifying selves clear and simple, as we can identify the exact spatio-temporal location of each self, as well as the starts and ends of selves. So, for example, if someone commits a crime, we can easily establish whether they are guilty or not by evidence such a fingerprints and witness testimony. As long as their body committed the crime, we are able to punish them for it. Criticisms, particularly in light of change over time There is a lot of opposition to the view that our identity should be limited to just the physical body. This position is contrary to most religions, which view our immaterial souls as intrinsic to our identities. The religious conception of a soul tends to be like that of consciousness, and some religions, such as Judeo-Christian religions, claim that this part of us continues to live on after the physical body has died. (As Parfitt points out,) The bodily criterion would only allow for a second life in the form of a physical resurrection or reincarnation. We certainly should not dismiss the position simply because it is incompatible with popular religions, though. There are more damning criticisms of the bodily criterion for identity, however. Our bodies are constantly changing- growing, shedding or regenerating cells, etc. So how much of our body must stay the same in order for us to be classed as the same person we were several years ago? For example, a popular analogy was given which describes the philosopher John Lockes favourite pair of socks, which grow holes in from being worn so often. As the holes develop, Locke repairs them with patches. But after a while of repairing his socks, none of the original material remains, and they are simply a patchwork of new pieces of material (Where is this from?). The original debate, of which Lockes example was a variation, is that of the Ship of Theseus, which has its pieces replaced one at a time, as necessary (Plutarch, p?). Many people believe that, at some point, the Ship of Theseus loses too many of its original pieces and ceases to be the same ship that Theseus had returned from Crete in. Simi larly, many believe that Lockes favourite pair of socks cease to exist when none of the original yarns are present. But, if we are to equate identity with the bodys cells, this position claims we must develop a new identity as our bodily cells change during our lifetime. This is a bizarre position to hold, as there would be no detectable change in our appearance or attitude Possible solutions to criticisms, and the success of these solutions But not everyone agrees that this is the case. Many people believe that the gradual change involved in the previous examples ensures that they retain their former identity. In the case of Lockes socks, the consensus tends to be that the resulting pair of socks are indeed the same as his favourite pair of socks, as this is the way we speak of things which have been repaired. Similarly, the gradual change of the Ship of Theseus ensures it retains its identity. As this pertains to the body, it suggests that, despite each of our cells being regenerated every ten years, this does not inhibit us from remaining the same person. This means the gradual change of our bodys cells falls within the acceptable limits of change, apparently saving the bodily criterion for identity. Thomas Hobbes offered another variation upon this theme, whereby the ships planks ere replaced with aluminium (Hobbes, p.135?). The pieces removed from the ship were then reassembled to form a replica ship. But in this example, we are more inclined to state that the replica ship which has been assembled from the original pieces is the same ship of Theseus, while the aluminium replacement is a replica. This is perhaps because a crucial part of the theory of bodily continuity is that it requires we maintain essentially the same genetic structure. This makes the concept of bodily continuity highly supported by the sciences, which tend to view us as biological creatures governed by the physical reactions which occur within our brains. A result of this is that, while our bodies could be perfectly but entirely replicated in a metallic form, these robots would lack our genetic code and would thus be a replica, rather than ourselves. Genetic determinism takes this position further, and claims that who we are is entirely dependent upon our genetics. Genetic determinists suggest that a clone and his original would have the exact same identities. The effect of genetics upon ones identity has been investigated by studies of monozygotic (identical) twins, who are genetically identical. While studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have previously suggested that up to 50% of our personality is genetic (ref?), most twins tend to be raised in similar environments, making it difficult to separate the influences of nature and nurture. But studies of monozygotic twins who have been raised separately indicate that only 20 to 25% of our personality is genetic in nature (Ewen, p. 73). So we have established that the gradual regeneration of our cells during our lives falls within the realms of acceptable change, whereas being replaced with a non-human body (for example, a metal one) does not. So where exactly are the boundaries for changes we deem to be acceptable? How much of our body could we lose without losing our identity? Bernard Williams describes the physical spectrum, where a persons body is replaced very gradually. He claims that this example is subject to the heap paradox. In the same way removing a grain from a heap does not stop it from being a heap, it seems that each change is too small to change our identity. Yet by the end of it the persons body has been replaced with that of Napoleons. In this example, Williams describes the physical changes which occur to the subject of this experiment, but not the psychological effects. While his body has been replaced with that of Napoleons, he may well still maintain all the same character traits and memories we associate with his original self. While this is a very radical example, it does have practical implications. If a certain amount of our body is required to stay the same for us to remain the same person, this raises questions about amputees and people who undergo extensive plastic surgery. For example, what if a man had his arms amputated, and then his legs? Would he still be the same man he was prior to these operations? While he may now lack many of the skills he had before, it seems unfair to claim he is not the same man. What if he was somehow reduced to simply his head, though? Some claim that it is not the whole body which is required for continuity of the self, but a very small part of it: the brain. This objection was raised by Sydney Shoemaker, who describes a thought experiment regarding Brown and Robinson. Brown undergoes a brain transplant, and his brain is placed in the body of Robinson. When Robinsons body awakes, it remembers everything of Browns life, behaves like Brown, has the same beliefs as Brown, and even adopts all the mannerisms his family have come to associate with him. It seems that Brown and Robinsons family alike must agree that Robinsons body is now home to Browns identity. While this is a very extreme case, it does demonstrate that the body alone is neither a sufficient nor necessary condition for the continuity. Eric Olson, however, defends the bodily criterion against this criticism, viewing the individual simply as a biological organism. He claims that humans can withstand complete psychological change and remain the same as long as they are alive for. I disagree with this position, however. It seems to me that if you remove a persons personality, mannerisms, memories, dispositions, etc, you have removed that persons very identity. It seems to me that in considering the individual as a human animal, Olson oversimplifies the issue of identity. It is easy to say that the human being still exists despite this overhaul of their mental life, but it is very difficult to substantiate the claim that their personal identity has not been at all affected by this. R. B. Ewen, Personality, a topical approach: theories, research, major controversies and emerging findings, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Inc Publishers, New Jersey, 1998. T. Hobbes and W. Moleworth, Elements of Philosophy, vol. 4 of The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, London, J. Bohn. J. Locke? H. Noonan, Personal Identity, E. Olsen, The Human Animal: Personal Identity Without Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons, Plutarch, Lives, J. Langhorne and W. Langhorne (eds), Harpers and Brothers Publishers, New York, 1859. B. Williams