The Bodily Continuity Criterion Philosophy Essay

The Bodily Continuity Criterion Philosophy Essay In this chapter I will demonstrate that the bodily criterion alone is not sufficient for continuation of identity, by describing the limits of acceptable physical change. However, I will also show that some form of physical continuation is necessary, such as a persons genetic make-up. Some materialist philosophers (such as Eric Olsen) have claimed that the physical body is the seat of the identity. This view claims that as long as one keeps the same body throughout their life, they are guaranteed to maintain their unique identity. This approach makes identifying selves clear and simple, as we can identify the exact spatio-temporal location of each self, as well as the starts and ends of selves. So, for example, if someone commits a crime, we can easily establish whether they are guilty or not by evidence such a fingerprints and witness testimony. As long as their body committed the crime, we are able to punish them for it. Criticisms, particularly in light of change over time There is a lot of opposition to the view that our identity should be limited to just the physical body. This position is contrary to most religions, which view our immaterial souls as intrinsic to our identities. The religious conception of a soul tends to be like that of consciousness, and some religions, such as Judeo-Christian religions, claim that this part of us continues to live on after the physical body has died. (As Parfitt points out,) The bodily criterion would only allow for a second life in the form of a physical resurrection or reincarnation. We certainly should not dismiss the position simply because it is incompatible with popular religions, though. There are more damning criticisms of the bodily criterion for identity, however. Our bodies are constantly changing- growing, shedding or regenerating cells, etc. So how much of our body must stay the same in order for us to be classed as the same person we were several years ago? For example, a popular analogy was given which describes the philosopher John Lockes favourite pair of socks, which grow holes in from being worn so often. As the holes develop, Locke repairs them with patches. But after a while of repairing his socks, none of the original material remains, and they are simply a patchwork of new pieces of material (Where is this from?). The original debate, of which Lockes example was a variation, is that of the Ship of Theseus, which has its pieces replaced one at a time, as necessary (Plutarch, p?). Many people believe that, at some point, the Ship of Theseus loses too many of its original pieces and ceases to be the same ship that Theseus had returned from Crete in. Simi larly, many believe that Lockes favourite pair of socks cease to exist when none of the original yarns are present. But, if we are to equate identity with the bodys cells, this position claims we must develop a new identity as our bodily cells change during our lifetime. This is a bizarre position to hold, as there would be no detectable change in our appearance or attitude Possible solutions to criticisms, and the success of these solutions But not everyone agrees that this is the case. Many people believe that the gradual change involved in the previous examples ensures that they retain their former identity. In the case of Lockes socks, the consensus tends to be that the resulting pair of socks are indeed the same as his favourite pair of socks, as this is the way we speak of things which have been repaired. Similarly, the gradual change of the Ship of Theseus ensures it retains its identity. As this pertains to the body, it suggests that, despite each of our cells being regenerated every ten years, this does not inhibit us from remaining the same person. This means the gradual change of our bodys cells falls within the acceptable limits of change, apparently saving the bodily criterion for identity. Thomas Hobbes offered another variation upon this theme, whereby the ships planks ere replaced with aluminium (Hobbes, p.135?). The pieces removed from the ship were then reassembled to form a replica ship. But in this example, we are more inclined to state that the replica ship which has been assembled from the original pieces is the same ship of Theseus, while the aluminium replacement is a replica. This is perhaps because a crucial part of the theory of bodily continuity is that it requires we maintain essentially the same genetic structure. This makes the concept of bodily continuity highly supported by the sciences, which tend to view us as biological creatures governed by the physical reactions which occur within our brains. A result of this is that, while our bodies could be perfectly but entirely replicated in a metallic form, these robots would lack our genetic code and would thus be a replica, rather than ourselves. Genetic determinism takes this position further, and claims that who we are is entirely dependent upon our genetics. Genetic determinists suggest that a clone and his original would have the exact same identities. The effect of genetics upon ones identity has been investigated by studies of monozygotic (identical) twins, who are genetically identical. While studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have previously suggested that up to 50% of our personality is genetic (ref?), most twins tend to be raised in similar environments, making it difficult to separate the influences of nature and nurture. But studies of monozygotic twins who have been raised separately indicate that only 20 to 25% of our personality is genetic in nature (Ewen, p. 73). So we have established that the gradual regeneration of our cells during our lives falls within the realms of acceptable change, whereas being replaced with a non-human body (for example, a metal one) does not. So where exactly are the boundaries for changes we deem to be acceptable? How much of our body could we lose without losing our identity? Bernard Williams describes the physical spectrum, where a persons body is replaced very gradually. He claims that this example is subject to the heap paradox. In the same way removing a grain from a heap does not stop it from being a heap, it seems that each change is too small to change our identity. Yet by the end of it the persons body has been replaced with that of Napoleons. In this example, Williams describes the physical changes which occur to the subject of this experiment, but not the psychological effects. While his body has been replaced with that of Napoleons, he may well still maintain all the same character traits and memories we associate with his original self. While this is a very radical example, it does have practical implications. If a certain amount of our body is required to stay the same for us to remain the same person, this raises questions about amputees and people who undergo extensive plastic surgery. For example, what if a man had his arms amputated, and then his legs? Would he still be the same man he was prior to these operations? While he may now lack many of the skills he had before, it seems unfair to claim he is not the same man. What if he was somehow reduced to simply his head, though? Some claim that it is not the whole body which is required for continuity of the self, but a very small part of it: the brain. This objection was raised by Sydney Shoemaker, who describes a thought experiment regarding Brown and Robinson. Brown undergoes a brain transplant, and his brain is placed in the body of Robinson. When Robinsons body awakes, it remembers everything of Browns life, behaves like Brown, has the same beliefs as Brown, and even adopts all the mannerisms his family have come to associate with him. It seems that Brown and Robinsons family alike must agree that Robinsons body is now home to Browns identity. While this is a very extreme case, it does demonstrate that the body alone is neither a sufficient nor necessary condition for the continuity. Eric Olson, however, defends the bodily criterion against this criticism, viewing the individual simply as a biological organism. He claims that humans can withstand complete psychological change and remain the same as long as they are alive for. I disagree with this position, however. It seems to me that if you remove a persons personality, mannerisms, memories, dispositions, etc, you have removed that persons very identity. It seems to me that in considering the individual as a human animal, Olson oversimplifies the issue of identity. It is easy to say that the human being still exists despite this overhaul of their mental life, but it is very difficult to substantiate the claim that their personal identity has not been at all affected by this. R. B. Ewen, Personality, a topical approach: theories, research, major controversies and emerging findings, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Inc Publishers, New Jersey, 1998. T. Hobbes and W. Moleworth, Elements of Philosophy, vol. 4 of The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, London, J. Bohn. J. Locke? H. Noonan, Personal Identity, E. Olsen, The Human Animal: Personal Identity Without Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons, Plutarch, Lives, J. Langhorne and W. Langhorne (eds), Harpers and Brothers Publishers, New York, 1859. B. Williams

Attitude and Behavior Essay

If someone has a negative attitude toward a particular individual or group, for example, what are the potential implications of their behavior toward that individual or group? How do implicit and explicit attitudes differ? Go to the Project Implicit website and take the Implicit Association Test (implicit.harvard.edu/implicit). Choose any test within the demonstration category. After retrieving the results of your test, share them with your classmates and consider their accuracy. Were you surprised by your results? Do they accurately portray your attitude toward the group? Do you think these types of tests are reliable in measuring prejudice? Please explain your answer. Reflect on the relationship between personal attitudes and resulting behaviors, using the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, and Self-Perception Theory as your references. If someone has a negative attitude toward a particular individual or group, for example, what are the potential implications of their behavior toward that individual or group? How do implicit and explicit attitudes differ? Go to the Project Implicit website and take the Implicit Association Test (https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/). Choose any test within the demonstration category. After retrieving the results of your test, share them with your classmates and consider their accuracy. Were you surprised by your results? Do they accurately portray your attitude toward the group? Do you think these types of tests are reliable in measur†¦ To download this material Click this link – https://bitly.com/1wyTIGq College could be a great experience, no matter how challenging it may seem. The advice below is sure to help you with some of the tough stuff so you have more time for fun. Use the tips you have learned here, and from other places as well, with care; after all, your college choices play a major role on how your life turns out. Reflect on the relationship between personal attitudes and resulting behaviors, using the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, and Self-Perception Theory as your references. If someone has a negative attitude toward a particular individual or group, for example, what are the potential implications of their behavior toward that individual or group? How do implicit and explicit attitudes differ? Go to the Project Implicit website and take the Implicit Association Test (https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/). Choose any test within the demonstration category. After retrieving the results of your test, share them with your classmates and consider their accuracy. Were you surprised by your results? Do they accurately portray your attitude toward the group? Do you think these types of tests are reliable in measuring prejudice? Please explain your answer. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ posts.

My Lord the Baby

The Author of this story, Rabindranath Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in the field of Literature. He was a Bengalese who was born in 1861 at Calcutta. The main character here is named Raicharan. He was only 12 years old when he became a servant. His Master made him a private servant to his Son. He took good care of him, until the time that the little Master Anukul grew up and got married. When Anukul had a son of his own. Anukul still made Raicharan his Son’s private servant. But fate got in the way, the little Master disappeared when Raicharan was taking him for a stroll. No one knows whether the Baby was taken by a group of Gypsies who were hovering nearby or He drowned in the river. Anukul’s wife got so distressed and furious that there is no reasoning with her. They made Raicharan go back to his Village. There he learned that his wife just gave birth to a Baby Boy but she died immediately. At first Raicharan didn’t want to accept his Son because he knew that he cannot sire a child. But as the Boy grows, he can see similarities with his young master. And so he thought that his son is the reincarnation of the young master. Raicharan gave everything and anything his son would want, he made his son live like a rich man up to the point that he is sturbing himself to death. When he can no longer give Phailna, his son, all that he wants, he decided to go back to Anukul and told him that his son was with him all along, Raicharan let them think that he’s the one who kidnap their son. This just goes to show that a Father can and is willing to sacrifice almost anything just for the good of his beloved son. Even if it means that he will loose his son forever or it would mean his death. Also, the story relates on the belief that there is reincarnation, life after death. Source: http://www. shvoong. com/books/classic-literature/1764690-lord-baby/#ixzz1ihUKeiwU

Basic 5 Paragraph Outline - 1090 Words

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Body 1st Body Paragraph: First of all, it is important to know what a ghost is. Ghosts are energy of sorts made of people that once lived. They have no idea that they have died and have not crossed over as of yet. There are lots of ways ghosts can make themselves known to us and how they can make people’s lives rough or even make people crazy. Who or what the spirit did or acted in life can determine how dangerous or gentle the spirit will become. Now that people can determine what a ghost is here are some different types ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on All That Jazz1115 Words   |  5 PagesTEMPLATE for the basic recipe (formula) for the successful organization and development of an argumentative essay as well as the framework for a formal outline that you can and should use for each of your essays. Print out the final pages and fill in the info by hand so that you can see how your body paragraphs are organized. Note though, that your essay might have more than four body paragraphs. 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Domestic Violence And Sexual Violence Essay - 1624 Words

Domestic violence, also labeled as family violence and intimate-partner violence, is psychological, physical and sexual violence that takes place within home environment. Adults and children can both be victims. Domestic violence is a major human rights issue across the world, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. One in three women in Aotearoa will experience an abusive relationship, with many more coming dangerously close. Reason Domestic violences occurs when the abuser wanting to rule their other half because they have low self-esteem, easily jealous, struggling to control anger and other strong emotions, or when they sense their partner is highly ranked than them in education and socioeconomic background. Ecological Theory was coined by Urie Bronfenbrenner during 1917-2005. This theory attempts to link violence in the family to the broader social environment. 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The Argument Of Football Safety - 1401 Words

Arguments of Football Safety Football has been a controversial sport because of the physical injuries that some athletes experience. Although this sport may seem a bit dangerous, football can have many benefits to the athlete as a whole. If played correctly, athletes can benefit from football by increasing their fitness, confidence, and teamwork qualities. Football is not a dangerous sport if athletes and coaches utilize basic safety principles including tackling skills, adequate hydration, and concussion awareness. Practicing the correct tackling skills will decrease injuries throughout an athlete s career. According to Palmer, â€Å"football players that practiced five-minute tackling drills without their helmets and shoulder pads twice a week in preseason and once a week during football season were less likely to have injuries†(Palmer, 2015). This would build a healthy habit for the athlete and decrease the rate of many injuries. Many tackling drills consist of properly hit ting an upright pad, tackling dummy, or a teammate holding a padded shield at a fifty to seventy-five percent effort will also help prevent injury. Reducing repetitive head impacts in tackle football through limiting full contact practices is another key example of how injuries can be prevented. An example of this could be illustrated as a football team walking through plays without any physical contact. The coaches and players would go over all the plays and discuss different situations. This willShow MoreRelatedOn-Demand Performance Assessment : Argument And Information / Research Writing979 Words   |  4 PagesOn-Demand Performance Assessment Prompt Argument and Information/Research Writing Think of a topic that you know and care a lot about, an issue around which you have strong feelings. 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Mental Health Nursing Distress or Illness

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing for Distress or Illness. Answer: Introduction The mental health nursing includes care of people with mental distress or illness, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, dementia and much more. Nurses in the mental health care require special training so that they can deal with the challenging behavior of the patients (Robson et al., 2013). This report analyzes a case study of a patient with mental problems and utilizes the clinical reasoning cycle to plan and evaluate a patient-centered approach to care for the patient. It considers the patient's situation and prioritizes three nursing problems based on health assessment data. Finally, it gives a plan for the nursing care of the person based on patient's history and assessment data. It discusses the provision of nursing care for such patients and justifies the nursing care provided. Finally, it reflects on the person outcome. The case study is about a 28-year-old patient Mr. Gray who has been admitted to the hospital after he tried to attempt suicide by hanging himself. The patients condition is evaluated using the clinical reasoning cycle. It is the process by which the nurses collect patient information, process it and then plan an appropriate intervention for the patient. The process of evaluation of patient begins with the following clinical reasoning cycle steps: Considering the patients situation, collect and process health related information: On analysis of case study, it is seen that Mr. John has been having some problems due to mental depression and mental ill health. He even tried to attempt suicide by hanging himself. It was evident by the rope burn mark on his neck caused by breaking of the rope with which he sought to hang himself. There were some bruises and broken skins on his arms and legs resulting from the fall during a suicide attempt. On the assessment of patients vital signs, it was found that his blood pressure was 125/75. It suggests that the patient's blood pressure is not normal, but he has prehypertension blood pressure. His pulse rate was 66 and respiration rate was 18. Both of these vital signs of the patient were under normal range. While the patient was in the hospital, it was found that he was not taking his food properly and mostly avoided taking part in any activities. He did not like any small group games or one-on-one activities, and he was very irritated when the nurse came to see him and turn s his face away (Happell Gaskin, 2013). The mental state examination was done on patients by the following ways: Level of consciousness- In this the nurse examines state of wakefulness in patients and observes any disorientation, hallucination or irritability sign in patients. To reduce level of consciousness finding the type of stimulus to arouse patient is necessary (Townsend, 2014). Appearance and general behavior- The patients physical appearance gives a lot of information about the patients. The signs of bruises on Mr. Grays neck gave idea that the patient had tried to commit suicide (Townsend, 2014). Affect and mood- Patients display a range of mood such as dysphoric (depression, anxiety), euthymic (normal) or euphoric (elevated sense of well being). I started to judge patients on this belief (Forbes Watt, 2015). Thought and perception- Nurse assesses to judge patients perception about problems in life (Forbes Watt, 2015) After mental state examination, the nurse can interpret that patient has all the symptoms related to mental illness or major depressive disorder. I could relate his condition to mental illness because of symptoms like anxiety, mood swings, withdrawal from groups, loss of interest in group activities, loss of appetite and suicide attempts or thought. I have seen several patients with mental illness, and they also have similar symptoms. It is necessary to reduce this symptom to check the severity of the condition on patients and prevent any harm to them (Happell Gaskin, 2013). Three nursing problems/issues for the care of patients: The three challenges for nurses in the management of a patient with depression or mental illness are interaction with patients, tolerating their aggressive behaviors and supporting them to understand their problems. Stigma and discrimination are associated with the care of such patients and nurse should try to avoid any biases in care. This attitude is the reason for delayed nursing care. It would be hard for nurses to tackle their aggressive behavior and start a conversation with such patients (Townsend, 2014).Secondly, these patients have their own set notion about their life, and they feel they are no more useful to the society. So this attitude leads to suicidal thought in them. Eliminating this thought and instilling in them that life is worth living is the most difficult task by a nurse (Robson et al., 2013). High competency in mental health nursing is required to plan a therapeutic approach to care for Mr. Gray. As Mr. Gray had tried to attempt suicide, understanding of the ph enomenon of suicide and risk factors of suicide is essential for care in patients. The nurse must be aware of the impact of their reactions and attitude on patients (Storm Edwards, 2013). Goal of nursing care: Based on analysis of the issues, the goals of priority of care for the patients are as follows: Interaction with patients in a slow pace and pleasant tone. This is needed to form one-on-one relation with client and help the client to enhance communication, problem solving and social skills (Townsend, 2014). Encouraging Mr. Gray to verbally express his feelings. In this context, it is important for nurse to establish therapeutic relation with the client and plan the duration of therapy (Stuart, 2014). Help patient identifies their strength and weakness. Constructive feedback will be given to the client to increase his self-esteem. Another goal is to identify discrepancies between the clients verbalized intentions and non-verbal behavior carefully (Stuart, 2014). It will be necessary to establish consistency and build trust with the patient. The nurse will instill them with positive concepts of life and telling him they are valuable to family members and society. The factors that will facilitate trust within the nurse/patient relationship are recognizing clients feeling, respecting them and having a judgmental attitude (Kutney-Lee Aiken, 2015). Engaging them in activities that bring out his frustration and unpleasant mood. The nurse will teach her how to self-monitor his symptoms and encourage him that he can control his emotions and feelings (Townsend, 2014. Realistic resolution of problems and advising family members to provide him adequate emotional support. It will also be important to provide a calm environment so that patient feel safe from psychological and physical threats attitude (Kutney-Lee Aiken, 2015). Prevent suicidal thought in patient by making them aware that life is worth living. Reminding client about positivtoes in life is essential to change his thought proves and suicidal intention (Caplan, 2013). Nursing care of patient: The planned course of action for care of Mr. Gray is as follows: As the patient had attempted suicide, had several bruises on his body due to a suicide attempt and he was interacting with people, the nurse will first try to know the cause of not being able to cope with life struggles. Knowledge of situational factor in patients will help in the understanding of Mr. Gray's current situation and identify the cause of grief in the patient. The nurse will then aid the patient with an effective coping strategy (Stuart, 2014). Nurse need to identify the source of stressors in patients and verbally commend them for their strengths (McElroy et al., 2014). The nurse will make sure that Mr. Gray has not left alone all the time. There is maximum chance that Mr. Gray might try to harm himself while he is alone. Therefore, it is necessary to have nurse and other staff around him for some days (Seo et al., 2015). The nurse will empathetically communicate with patients and encourage family members to verbalize their problems in life (Curtis et al., 2013). Monitor risk of harming material in and around the patient and remove them away. Encourage patient to take part in activities that boost their self-esteem on completion of activities (McElroy et al., 2014). The nurse will provide mental and physical activities within his ability such as exercise, muscular relaxation and proper nutrition to treat anxiety and depression in Mr. Gray. The patient will be given antidepressant-like Venlafaxine to treat anxiety and depression in Mr Gray (McElroy et al., 2014). As the patient is not taking proper meals, multivitamins will be given to treat weakness in patients (Townsend, 2014). Evaluate nursing care strategies: The above nursing care strategies will be helpful for patients to reduce his morbidities due to mental illness and strengthen his coping strategies. Verbal and empathetic communication with the patient will help Mr. Gray in verbally expressing his feelings (Seo et al., 2015). Teaching the client coping strategies will help him in overcoming his frustration and reacting better to stressful situations in life. Involving the patient in fun activities will him forget his grief and cherish the moment for some time. It is also necessary to make patients aware of their strength and weakness and commend to enhance the self-esteem of patients. All the treatment planned for patients related to medications and other intervention should always be communicated to patient and family members so that they develop an understanding of the medical condition and prepares them for possible (Videbeck, 2013).Proper communication with the patient is always necessary to reduce their anxiety and fear. Once th e nurse can build a good rapport with the patient, then Mr. Gray will easily verbalize his feelings. Active listening skill is also important for nurses to make the patient feel that they care for them. Relaxation technique appropriate for a patient like music, drawing, etc. helps them in coping and reducing their anxiety and grief (Klainin-Yobas et al., 2012). Reflection on patients outcome: After the analysis of the patient situation and planned nursing care for Mr. Gray, the nurse can reflect that patient-centered care is very essential in care for such patients. This is because mental ill-health or patients with depression may suffer from these conditions due to their own personal suffering in life. So after this patient, I learnt that knowing the cause is critical to determine the level of grief they are suffering from. Treating patient with major depression does not only involve giving them appropriate medication, treat their wounds and give them appropriate nutrition. It has a much bigger dimension of a nursing acre which means understanding the impact of certain situations in their life and how their coping skills have been affected by it. It is because of their inability to cope with change that builds frustration, hopelessness and grief in the patients. The ultimate impact of all this activity is thought of suicide or trying to attempt suicide (Adams Iseler, 20 14). Mr. Gray was also initially very aggressive at the time of admission and hardly interacted with anyone. But during a conversation with him, the nurse could know that he was expected to take over his family farming business, but his farm has been affected by long-standing drought conditions. This was the reason for his depression which was related to financial insecurities in life. Sympathetic conversation with nurse helps patient to verbalize their problems in life. When nurse taught positive attitude towards life and teach him coping skills to tackle life situation, his conditions improved a lot. Now he was more positive at the time of discharge and in a pleasant mood. He has also made his plan how to tackle the problems in hs business, and he planned to take alternative business options. 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